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CO₂ capture	Technology status in 2010	Near-term RDD&D needs 2010-2020	Long-term goals 2020-2030 and beyond
All technologies	Avallability : No Commercial systems applicable for power plants and most industrial applications available today. Retrofit of CCS technologies unproven. Efflcacy : Industrial facilities will require new sources of heat and power for CCS applications. Collection systems for disparate sources on, for example, petroleum refineries and LNG production trains. Complex integration and cost issues. Costs : Capital cost of plant prohibitive for new developments. Efficiency penalty increases cost of production.	Efflcacy : Reduce energy penalty through process design and heat optimisation. Increase operating temperatures and pressures in all boiler and turbine combinations. By 2015 : Prove technologies at large power plant scale. Identify most effective options for industrial applications: By 2015 : Prove technologies at large power plant scale. Identify most effective options for industrial applications: Identify optimised design to maximise heat and power use in cement kilns and blast furnaces. Prove centralised heat and power systems with CCS for fuel transformation facilities. Identify appropriat CCS options for biofuel refineries. Costs : Reduce capital costs by 10% to 12%.	Efflcacy : By 2025 : Commercially available systems with > 85% capture rate available for all fuel types. Commercially available All capture systems, all coals, all firing configurations 45%+, LHV, including CO₂ capture after 2030. By 2030 : Commercial pulverized fuel ultra supercritical(USC)boilers operating>700/720˚C and>35 megapascals(MPa). Costs : Reduce capital costs by an additonal 10%.
Pre- combustion technologies	Avallability : Several coal IGCC plants in operation around the world. Several demo projects under development. No integrated system with warranty available form vendors. Technical challenges : Scale and integration for large IGCC plants. Unproven for high availability baseload power generation. Costs : High capital and operating costs. Lack of warranty for large plants with CCS.	Avallability : Integrated IGCC CCS plants with high availability and high-efficiency turbines for H₂ combustion. Efflcacy: By 2015 : Reduce steam requirements for shift conversion. Reduce energy penalty to 7%. By 2020 : Prove hydrogen combustion with high-efficiency CCGTs.	Avallability : By 2025 : Demonstrate biomass IGCC with physical solvents. Efficacy : Reduce energy penalty to ~6% Emergence of commercial systems with gas separation membranes to replace shift converter. Demonstrate novel methods including pressure swing adsorption, electrical swing adsorption and possibly cryogenics. Costs : Reduce capital costs to be competitive with conventional PF power generation.
Oxyfuel technologies	Availability : Trials of small- scale plants in progress in the power sector (<30MW) under development. 250 MW plants proven in blast furnaces. Technical challenges : High capital and operating costs. Lack of warranty.	Rotary kiln for oxy-fuel for cement.	Commercial USC combustion operating 30Mpa and temperatures of 600˚C/620˚C by 2025.
Post- combustion technologies	Avallability : Existing technologies with hundreds of plants in operation around the world in gas processing and chemicals industry. Larely unproven for large-scale flue gas mixtures. No warranties from vendors for large-scale combustion application. Technical challenges : Scale and integration of complete systems for combustion gases. Combustion gas stream compositon and solvent. Costs : By2020 : Reduce capital and operating costs by 10% to 15%. Provide warranty.	Avallability : Large-scale plants commercially available for new build and retrofit applications. Warranties offered on proven technologies by 2017. PF-USC plants at ~25 Mpa and 600/620˚C are commercially available. Efflcacy : By 2015 : Prove at commercial scale (>40 MMscm or c.4.0 MtCO₂/yr in the case of a coal-fired plant). Prove sustainable solvent usage rates(e.g., hindered amines). Manage corrosion issues. Develop solvents with lower reactivation temperatures to reduce heat requirements for regeneration. Reduce energy penalty to < 8%. Demonstrate integrated systems with flue gas pre- treatments and availability >85%. Costs : By 2020 : Reduce capital costs by 10% to 15% for large-scale systems. Reduce operating costs by 2% to 3%.	Avallability : Widespread availability of commercial plant(new and retrofit) with warranties by 2025 for all coal types and CCGTs gas plants. CCS plabts with high- efficiency PF-USC boilers operating PF-USC boilers operating at ~35 MPa and 700/720˚C are commercially available. Efflcacy : By 2030 : Prove innovative capture options - chemical looping tested for coal and gas.